00-332 Elliott H. Lieb and Jakob Yngvason
The Mathematics of the Second Law of Thermodynamics (200K, Postscript) Sep 2, 00
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Abstract. The essence of the second law is the entropy principle' which states that adiabatic processes can be quantified by an entropy function on the space of all equilibrium states, whose increase is a necessary and sufficient condition for such a process to occur. It is one of the few really fundamental physical laws (in the sense that no deviation, however tiny, is permitted) and its consequences are far reaching. Since the entropy principle is independent of models, statistical mechanical or otherwise, it ought to be derivable from a few logical principles without recourse to Carnot cycles, ideal gases and other assumptions about such things as heat', hot' and cold', temperature', reversible processes', etc., as is usually done. The well known formula of statistical mechanics, $S = -\sum p \, \log p$, is irrelevant for this problem. In this paper the foundations of the subject and the construction of entropy from a few simple axioms will be presented. Finally, we consider some open problems and directions for further study.

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